4D radar has higher point cloud density and precise vertical resolution than conventional 3D radar, making it promising for adverse scenarios in the environmental perception of autonomous driving.

Autonomous navigation in developing regions is challenged by heterogeneous traffic, dynamic occlusions, and weak road structure. Existing segmentation models, largely trained on structured Western ...

For years, autonomous driving systems were built as modular pipelines where perception, mapping, prediction, planning, and control were engineered separately. While effective for early development, ...